Pesticides present utmost importance in modern agriculture and are extensively used in countries with strong agricultural activity, such as Brazil. However, these substances are considered a significant part of environmental contamination by organic compounds. In the present work, Raman spectroscopy was employed in the vibrational characterization of the fungicide tebuconazole and surface-enhanced Raman scattering spectroscopy to the study of the adsorption of this compound on the surface of Ag nanoparticles. The proposed chemical interaction between tebuconazole and the metallic surface was inferred by relating experimental results and vibrational assignment supported by density functional theory calculations. The vibrational assignments of surface-enhanced Raman scattering spectra, by considering surface selection rules, suggest that the adsorption of the tebuconazole with Ag surface occurs by interactions of phenyl and triazole groups simultaneously. For the case of the interaction with the phenyl group, a modification of the charge distribution in the ring after adsorption was hypothesized, which was supported through the analysis of the frontier molecular orbitals of the Ag-tebuconazole complex calculated by density functional theory. activity Brazil However compounds work surfaceenhanced enhanced nanoparticles calculations spectra rules simultaneously group hypothesized Agtebuconazole

Abstract In Brazil, rabies occurs mainly within an urban cycle, in which dogs and bats are reservoirs. This paper aims to report the occurrence of rabies in Callithrix sp. in Niterói, Rio de Janeiro, Brazil. In June 2019 a hybrid specimen was referred for diagnosis. The Direct Fluorescent Antibody, Mouse Inoculation, and Polymerase Chain Reaction tests were positive. A phylogenetic analysis was compatible with antigenic variant 3, characteristic of Desmodus rotundus. New studies should be undertaken to elucidate the real role of callitrichids in the urban rabies cycle.

RESUMO O objetivo deste artigo é apresentar a Mielopatia Espondilótica Cervical, uma afecção da coluna vertebral causada por alterações ósseas, ligamentares e discais, que resultam na compressão medular, desencadeando a degeneração progressiva da medula, e descrever possíveis intervenções fisioterapêuticas. A patologia tem diferentes formas de progressão e áreas de comprometimento, o que contribui com a diversidade de quadros clínicos. Serão apresentadas duas avaliações de 3 pacientes com diagnóstico desta doença, em momentos diferentes, com o intuito de comparar a gravidade, as regiões comprometidas e a evolução de cada um. Posteriormente, é descrito o tratamento fisioterapêutico mais apropriado para esta doença, demonstrando também sua grande variabilidade de acordo com os sinais e sintomas apresentados. Nível de evidência: IV Tipo de estudo: Série de casos.

ABSTRACT The aims of this article are to present cervical spondylotic myelopathy, a spinal condition caused by bony, ligament and disc alterations that results in spinal cord compression leading to progressive degeneration of the spinal cord, and to describe the possible physiotherapeutic interventions. The pathology has different forms of progression and affected areas, which contributes to the diversity of clinical presentations. This work presents two evaluations of three patients diagnosed with this disease, at different times, to compare the severity, the affected regions, and the evolution of each one. Subsequently, it describes the most appropriate physiotherapeutic treatment for this illness, demonstrating its wide variability according to the signs and symptoms presented. Level of Evidence: IV. Case series.

RESUMEN Los objetivo de este artículo son presentar la mielopatía espondilótica cervical, una afección de la columna vertebral causada por alteraciones óseas, ligamentos y discales, que resultan en la compresión medular, desencadenando la degeneración progresiva de la médula y describir posibles intervenciones fisioterapéuticas. La patología tiene diferentes formas de progresión y áreas de compromiso, lo que contribuye a la diversidad de cuadros clínicos. Se presentarán dos evaluaciones de tres pacientes con diagnóstico de esta enfermedad en momentos diferentes con el objetivo de comparar la gravedad, las regiones comprometidas y la evolución de cada uno. Posteriormente se describe el tratamiento fisioterapéutico más apropiado para esta enfermedad, demostrando también su gran variabilidad de acuerdo con los signos y síntomas presentados. Nivel de evidencia IV. Serie de casos.

RESUMO Abrigos desempenham um papel importante na história de vida dos morcegos. Informações sobre sua utilização possibilitam a compreensão dos processos biológicos associados à sua ecologia e são cruciais considerando que a perda de abrigos naturais e que as pressões ambientais relacionadas à descaracterização dos ecossistemas são ameaças para a conservação deste grupo. O objetivo desde estudo foi coletar novos dados sobre a utilização diurna de abrigos artificiais por espécies morcegos em uma região ao sul da Amazônia. Nós observamos espécies de morcegos abrigando uma casa abandonada em uma região ecotonal entre os biomas Amazônia e Cerrado. Neste local, observamos um indivíduo de Trachops cirrhosus em contato físico com um indivíduo de Phyllostomus hastatus. Após um ano, observamos uma mudança neste abrigo, no qual uma colônia de Pteronotus parnellii foi observada. Estes registros podem lançar luz sobre a possível plasticidade destas espécies com relação às suas necessidades para a utilização de abrigos nestas paisagens. O registro trazido aqui é um dos primeiros sobre a utilização de construções humanas por P. parnellii, uma espécie comumente associada a abrigos naturais e bem preservados.

ABSTRACT Roosts are a key part of bat species' life stories. Information on roost use enables us to understand the biological processes underlying bat ecology and is crucial with regard to the natural-roost loss and environmental pressures related to habitat destruction that has been considered as a threat affecting bat conservation. The aim of this study was to collect new data on the diurnal artificial-roost use by bats in a landscape from the southern Amazon. We observed bat species roosting at an abandoned house in a highly fragmented ecotone between the Amazon and Cerrado biomes. We observed one Trachops cirrhosus individual roosting in physical contact with one Phyllostomus hastatus. One year later, we noticed a compositional change at this roost, in which we found a large colony of Pteronotus parnellii. These findings may shed light on the potential flexibility of the roosting requirements of these species in such landscapes. Moreover, this is one of the first records of the use of human constructions by P. parnelli in such fragmented landscapes, a bat species that until recently was thought of as being associated only with well-preserved natural roosts.

A raiva é uma doença infecciosa do sistema nervoso central de mamíferos causada pelo vírus da raiva (RabV), geralmente, transmitido pela mordedura de animais infectados. No Brasil, os morcegos hematófagos Desmodus rotundus são as principais fontes de infecção do RabV para bovinos e equinos. Este artigo descreve uma investigação epidemiológica e molecular de surtos de raiva ocorridos na região central do Rio Grande do Sul, entre maio e agosto de 2012. Nesse período, 45 casos suspeitos de raiva foram relatados em 22 pequenos rebanhos, localizados dentro de um raio de 4,7km, no município de Pinhal Grande. Desses, 32 amostras foram submetidas para diagnóstico da raiva, sendo que o RabV e/ou antígenos virais foram identificados em 27 amostras. Em um segundo momento, 11 amostras foram submetidas à transcrição reversa/reação em cadeia da polimerase (RT-PCR) para o gene da nucleoproteína (N) do RabV, seguido de sequenciamento nucleotídico e análise filogenética. Sete das 11 amostras apresentaram sequências nucleotídicas idênticas e uma apresentou mutação sinônima, não-codificante, indicando uma provável origem comum dos vírus. Por outro lado, três amostras apresentaram mutações que resultaram em alterações de aminoácidos, sugerindo uma origem diferente do vírus. Esses resultados sugerem que RabV de diferentes origens/linhagens co-circulam na região e foram envolvidos nos surtos descritos. Investigações sobre a circulação de ambos os genótipos em morcegos na região estão em andamento.

Rabies is an infectious disease of the central nervous system of mammals caused by rabies virus (RabV), generally transmitted by the bite of rabid animals. In Brazil, vampire bats Desmodus rotundus are the main reservoirs of RabV for livestock. The present study describes a molecular and epidemiological investigation of outbreaks of bovine rabies occurring in the central region of Rio Grande do Sul state, Brazil, between May and August 2012. In this period, 45 cases suspected of rabies were reported in 22 small herds, located within a 4.7km range, in the county of Pinhal Grande. From these, 32 samples were submitted to rabies diagnosis and RabV and/or viral antigens were identified in 27 samples. Subsequently, 11 brain samples were submitted to reverse transcription/polymerase chain reaction (RT-PCR) for the nucleoprotein gene (N) followed by nucleotide sequencing and phylogenetic analysis. Seven out of 11 samples yielded identical sequences; one presented a synonymous, non-coding mutation, indicating a likely common origin of the virus. However, three other samples presented nucleotide mutations which resulted in amino acid changes, suggesting a different origin of the virus. In summary, these results suggest that RabV strains of different origin/lineages co-circulate in the region and were involved in the outbreaks. Investigations on the circulation of both genotypes in bats in the region are currently underway.

OBJETIVO: avaliar o equilíbrio espinopélvico, por meio da incidência pélvica, do declive sacral e da versão pélvica, em pacientes portadores de hérnias discais lombares submetidos a tratamento cirúrgico.MÉTODOS: foram avaliados 30 pacientes do Serviço de Coluna Vertebral do Hospital Santa Casa de Misericórdia de Vitória e do Vila Velha Hospital, por meio da aferição do equilíbrio espinopélvico, obtido pela mensuração dos ângulos da versão pélvica, do declive sacral e da incidência pélvica, com suas respectivas médias, nas radiografias simples lombopélvicas, tipo perfil, que englobaram, obrigatoriamente, coluna lombar, sacro e terço proximal do fêmur.RESULTADOS: a medida do equilíbrio espinopélvico, obtida pela média dos ângulos na população estudada da incidência pélvica, do declive sacral e da versão pélvica, foi de 45◦ , 36,9◦ e 8,1◦ , respectivamente. O intervalo de confiança da média da incidência pélvica entre 41,9 - 48,1 (95% IC) contém o valor de referência que a caracteriza como baixa, para uma população assintomática, o que confirma que a amostra foi extraída de uma população com essa característica.CONCLUSÃO: nos pacientes portadores de hérnia discal lombar submetidos a tratamento cirúrgico foi encontrado, em média, um equilíbrio espinopélvico com incidência pélvica abaixo do encontrado na literatura para uma população assintomática.

OBJECTIVE: to evaluate spinopelvic balance using the pelvic incidence, sacral slope and pelvic tilt among patients with lumbar disk hernias who underwent surgical treatment.METHODS: thirty patients at the spinal services of Hospital Santa Casa de Misericórdia de Vitória and Hospital Vila Velha were evaluated by measuring their spinopelvic balance from the angles of pelvic tilt, sacral slope and pelvic incidence, with their respective means, on simple lateral-view lumbopelvic radiographs that needed to encompass the lumbar spine, sacrum and proximal third of the femur.RESULTS: the spinopelvic balance measurements obtained from the mean angles of the population studied, for pelvic incidence, sacral slope and pelvic tilt, were 45◦ , 36.9◦ and 8.1◦ , respectively. The confidence interval for the mean pelvic incidence was from 41.9 to 48.1 (95% CI), thus including a reference value that characterized it as low, for an asymptomatic population, thus confirming that the sample was extracted from a population with this characteristic.CONCLUSION: among these patients with lumbar disk hernias who underwent surgical treatment, the average spinopelvic balance was found to have pelvic incidence lower than what has been reported in the literature for an asymptomatic population.

Rabies is a zoonotic disease that affects all mammals and leads to more than 55,000 human deaths every year, caused by rabies virus (RABV) (Mononegavirales: Rhabdoviridae: Lyssavirus). Currently, human rabies treatment is based on the Milwaukee Protocol which consists on the induction of coma and massive antiviral therapy. The aim of this study was to assess the decrease in the titer of rabies virus both in vitro and in vivo using short-interfering RNAs. To this end, three siRNAs were used with antisense strands complementary to rabies virus nucleoprotein (N) mRNA. BHK-21 cells monolayers were infected with 1000 to 0.1 TCID50 of PV and after 2 hours the cells were transfected with each of tree RNAs in separate using Lipofectamine-2000. All three siRNAs reduced the titer of PV strain in a least 0.72 logTCID50/mL and no cytotoxic effect was observed in the monolayers treated with Lipofectamine-2000. Swiss albino mice infected with 10.000 to 1 LD of PV strain by the intracerebral route were also transfected after two hours of infection with a pool 3 siRNAs with Lipofectamine-2000 by the intracerebral route, resulting in a survival rate of 30% in mice inoculated with 100 LD50, while the same dose led to 100% mortality in untreated animals. Lipofectamine-2000 showed no toxic effect in control mice. These results suggest that intracerebral administration of siRNAs might be an effective antiviral strategy for rabies.

Neste trabalho avaliou-se a influência do uso e cobertura da terra nas ocorrências de raiva animal nos municípios de Jacareí e Santa Branca, Vale do Paraíba, Estado de São Paulo. Combinou-se o mapeamento a partir de imagens TM/Landsat-5 com os dados de ocorrência da enfermidade, entre 2002 e 2009. Animais silvestres atropelados em rodovias, morcegos urbanos e Desmodus rotundus de áreas rurais e animais de fazenda de interesse econômico foram considerados. Dez amostras foram positivas para raiva, três de morcegos insetívoros da área urbana de Jacareí e sete animais de fazenda de interesse econômico, sendo dois de Jacareí e cinco de Santa Branca. Nenhum dos animais silvestres avaliados foram raiva-positivos. A análise da dinâmica da cobertura e uso da terra não evidenciou alteração significante. Embora a enfermidade ocorresse sem uma aparente mudança na região, provavelmente devido à escala de análise utilizada, concluiu-se que a classe reflorestamento e agropecuária foram relacionadas à enfermidade, por ocorrerem com maior freqüência na área analisada.

In this paper, the influence of land cover and land use on the rabies in Jacareí and Santa Branca municipalities, Paraíba's Valley of the State of Sao Paulo was evaluated by combining the Landsat satellite images mapping with data of rabies occurrence, in 2002-2009. Wildlife roadkills, urban bats, Desmodus rotundus bats from rural areas and livestock were considered. Ten samples were rabies-positive, being three insectivorous bats from the urban Jacareí, and seven livestock, being two from Jacarei and five from Santa Branca. None of the wildlife examined was rabies-positive. The landscape and land use analysis found that no significant changes occurred. Although the disease has occurred even without apparent changes in the region, probably due to the scale used in this study, it was concluded that the reforestation and agriculture areas were associated to the disease to show major frequency in the analyzed areas.

INTRODUÇÃO: A raiva é uma doença aguda do sistema nervoso central e é responsável por mortes de milhares de humanos, animais silvestres e animais de criação - especialmente bovinos - além de causar elevadas perdas econômicas. Este trabalho descreve a caracterização genética das variantes do vírus da raiva que circulam em populações de Desmodus rotundus e são transmitidas aos herbívoros. MÉTODOS: Cinquenta isolados de vírus da raiva de bovinos e equinos provenientes dos Estados de São Paulo e Minas Gerais, Brasil, foram caracterizadas geneticamente e comparadas com sequências recuperadas do GenBank. RESULTADOS: Dois clusters, I e II, apresentando identidades médias de nucleotídeos de 99,1 e 97,6%, foram obtidos, sendo o primeiro composto de quase a totalidade das amostras analisadas. Linhagens de outros estados do Brasil "clustered" no II. CONCLUSÕES: A análise das sequências de aminoácidos da proteína N revelou que existem marcadores genéticos que podem determinar uma possível regionalidade embora as regiões biologicamente ativas apresentem-se conservadas dentro das espécies ao longo do tempo e espaço.

INTRODUCTION: Rabies is an acute disease of the central nervous system and is responsible for the deaths of thousands of humans, wild animals and livestock, particularly cattle, as well as causing major economic losses. This study describes the genetic characterization of rabies virus variants that circulate in Desmodus rotundus populations and are transmitted to herbivores. METHODS: Fifty rabies virus isolates from bovines and equines in the States of São Paulo and Minas Gerais, Brazil, were genetically characterized and compared with sequences retrieved from GenBank. RESULTS: Two clusters (I and II) with mean nucleotide identities of 99.1 and 97.6% were found. The first of these contained nearly all the samples analyzed. Lineages from other Brazilian states grouped in cluster II. CONCLUSIONS: Analysis of the amino acid sequences of the N proteins revealed the existence of genetic markers that may indicate possible variations between geographic regions, although the biologically active regions are conserved within the species over space and time.

This article reports on the identification of a group 2 coronavirus (BatCoV DR/2007) in a Desmodus rotundus vampire bat in Brazil. Phylogenetic analysis of ORF1b revealed that BatCoV DR/2007 originates from a unique lineage in the archetypical group 2 coronaviruses, as described for bat species elsewhere with putative importance in Public Health.

This study aimed to test in vitro a RNA-interference based antiviral approach for rabies with short-interfering RNAs (siRNAs) against rabies virus nucleoprotein mRNA. BHK-21 cells were infected with serial dilutions of PV rabies virus strain and transfected with a pool of three siRNAs. Direct immunofluorescence staining showed a 5-time decrease in virus titer when compared to a non-treated plate, showing a promising new approach to the development of antivirals for rabies treatment.

Rapid diagnosis of rabies in suspected human cases influences post-exposure prophylaxis for potential contacts of the patient and ensures appropriate patient management. Apart from the central nervous system (CNS), rabies virus (RABV) is usually present in small sensory nerves adjacent to hair follicles of infected humans. We used an RT-PCR, with primers targeted to the 3' terminal portion of the nucleoprotein gene (N), to test neck-skin samples of nine patients who had rabies in order to validate a diagnostic method that could serve as an additional tool for rabies diagnosis, particularly in antemortem samples. Six of eight postmortem samples were found to be positive for rabies by RT-PCR, and one of two samples collected antemortem was positive with this same technique. Results were confirmed by DNA sequencing; this validates RT-PCR and neck-skin as a suitable technique and type of sample, respectively, for use in the diagnosis of human rabies. RT-PCR applied to neck-skin biopsies could allow early diagnosis and lead to more effective rabies treatment.